Isopleth: Isotherm (temperature) Map

http://www.middleschoolscience.com/isotherms.htm

Isopleths are contour lines that depict a certain variable which cannot be measured at a specific point. They must be calculated from data that is collected over an area. Examples of these are Isobars (air pressure), Isotachs (thickness), and Isohyets (rainfall). They are displayed using contour lines where connecting points of the line have the same "amount" of measured data. Above is an example of an Isotherm (temperature) map of the US during a specific period. It also uses shading to differentiate between different areas of temperature change.

Isopach: Thickness of geological stratum

http://seeps.geol.ucsb.edu/pages/isopach.html

An isopach is an isoline that connects points of equal thickness of a geological stratum formation or group of formations. It can be used to display a measure of thickness to a variety of different objects or materials. Above, isopachs are used to display the relative thickness of sediment on the ocean floor near oil rigs. Both isolines and color shading are used to convey the thickness.

Isohyets: Rainfall

http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/AK0808/S00090.htm

Isohyets are lines on a map that connect points of an equal amount of rainfall in a given period. They can be studied to find places and or times when the rainfall is greatest, and can give a prediction of future flooding. The map above shows average rainfall during one month in a province of New Zealand. These types of maps are also called isohyetal maps.

Isotachs: Wind Speed

http://www4.ncsu.edu/~nwsfo/storage/cases/20040908/

Isotachs are contour lines drawn a map that distinguish areas of equal wind speeds. They are used to analyze wind speeds primarily in the upper atmosphere such as the jet stream. From this along with other types such as Isobars, future weather patterns can be predicted. The map above was information compiled about hurricane Frances as is passed over the eastern U.S. The red solid lines represent the isotachs.

Isobars: Air pressure

http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wxfacts/Isobars-on-surface-maps.htm

Isobars are contour lines on a map that shows equal or constant pressure relating to that line. They are lines drawn on a map joining places of equal atmospheric pressure. They can be used to predict future weather patterns and are widely used to do so. The map above uses isobar contour lines of different color (red and blue) to show both high and low pressure, respectively. 

LIDAR: Light Detectin and Ranging

http://coralreefs.wr.usgs.gov/mapping_lidar.html

LIDAR systems can be used in airborne devices to extract highly detailed images of a surface. This is an remote sensing technology that measures the distance to a target by illuminating it with laser light in pulses. It is basically a laser-range finding system used to create images. From the data collected a 3-D image can be created. In the image above, the SHOAL system created an image of a reef tract. Colors closer to blue indicate a greater depth within the water and red indicated a lesser depth. It can only be used in this fashion from the air when used in shallow depths. The image above is showing the different depths of a reef off the coast of Hawaii. It also shows where the reef begins creating a shelf and a "hole" in the reef.

Doppler Radar

http://kwilklab.wordpress.com/2011/04/15/polarimetric-doppler-radar-rocks-the-house/

Doppler radars are very important to meteorologists because it can accurately view the motion of a weather system. This can lead to future predictions of the weather system, such as if it might later form tornadoes. This specific type of radar works by beaming a microwave signal at an object, and by using the doppler effect, it can produce velocity data about the object from a distance. It is mainly used to produce atmospheric profiles of weather systems (clouds) such as its motion and composition. This system is a form of active radar where events can be viewed in real time. The above still image is from a polarimetric doppler radar which can  differentiate between horizontal and vertical components of an object. This image shows the intensity of a storm by use of color shading passing through southern Florida. The closer to red the color is the more intense the storm is.