PLSS: Public Land Survey System

http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alfrankl/landrecords.htm

The PLSS system is a method of subdividing land areas within the U.S. It was meant to be used as a way for the federal government to divide public domain lands. It uses a grid-like system and a series of "coordinates" to deliniate one plot from the next. This method provides a systematic way to locate land anywhere in the U.S. It is much more accurate than the metes-and-bounds system because it does not use natural features in the survey process which can change with time. We can clearly see that the land in Alabama has been subdidved by using the PLSS system. This map is showing how the PLSS system is arranged across the entirety of Alabama.

Index Value Plot

http://politicalcalculations.blogspot.com/2008/01/beating-heart-of-stock-market.html

Index value plots shows the relationship of each residual against the corresponding index in the data set. This would be the comparison of values of the x and y axis. The above image is an example of the stock market growth rates within a period of time. The row number or index, the x-axis,  corresponds to the order in which the data was collected and in this case it was annually. The chart above visualizes the growth rates of the S&P index from 1872 to 2007. You can see the times when the stock markets growth has increased and decreased during a specific time period.

Triangular Plot

http://addictedtor.free.fr/graphiques/graphcode.php?graph=76

Triangular plot are used to show the interaction between three variables. In an equilateral triangle, the ratios of the three variables are shown as positions in the triangle. It is widely used in geological studies but it can be used to analyze any three variable system. Here, the proportions of the three variables must always sum to zero for the plot to be valid. In this triangular plot soil textures are defined by proportions of sand, silt, and clay. This would be used to determine the type of soil based on the three properties.

Lorenz Curve

http://www.maxi-pedia.com/lorenz+curve

Lorenz curves are graphical representations of the cummulative distribution function of the probability distribution of something, in this case wealth. In short it is the proportionality of a distribution between two variables. It uses statistical values to determine its data points on the graph. This is widely used in economic studies. This graph shows the relationship between the percentage of a population and the percentage of income it acquires. Here, 50% of the population is bringing in about 10% of the national total income on average. The perfect equality line represents what would happen if 50% of the population earned 50% of the national total income on average, which is false.

Windrose

http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/climate/windrose.html

A windrose is a graphical technique used to view how wind speed and direction are distributed at a certain location. The longer spokes show winds with a greater frequency while shorter spokes represent winds with a smaller frequency. The length of the spoke correlates to the amount of time the wind blew from that direction during the time ellapsed. The colors depict the wind speed. This windrose represents 30 years of combined hourly data for April winds in Fresno, California. This shows that 50% of the winds in April come from the northwest. It also shows which speeds occur more often by comparing the position of the colored segment to the rings on the windrose.

Climograph

http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/glossary/A_D/climograph.html

A climograph is a graphical representation of the monthly rainfall and temperature for a given geographic location. The data is usually averaged and then plotted. This graph can give insights to future weather predictions as well as insights to a locations climate. Precipitation is shown by the bar graph and temperature is shown by the line graph. This climograph represents monthly rainfall and temperature averages for Memphis, Tennessee. Rainfall is measured in millimeters and temperature with Celsius. For example in January, there was approximately 150mm of rainfall with an average temperature of 5 degrees Celsius.

Scatterplot

http://www.stat.sc.edu/webstat/version2.0/graphics/Scatterplot.html

Scatterplots are types of graphs that displays two variables for a set of data. The two variables make up the data points that create cartesian coordinates for the set of data. It is a summary of bivariate data that gives a good visual representation between the two variables. By producing a scatterplot, data can be visually examined to determine if their is a strong or week association between the variables. The above scatterplot is examining the number of sepals and petals in a variety of different species. You can see that the greater number of sepals means the species usually have less petals and vice versa.

Bilateral Graph

http://kcdb.bipm.org/AppendixB/KCDB_ApB_result_dtl.asp?cmp_idy=58&cmp_cod=BIPM%2EEM%2DK11%2Ea&search=1&cmp_cod_search=&page=1&met_idy=3&bra_idy=8&epo_idy=0&cmt_idy=0&ett_idy_org=0&lab_idy=&rta_idy=1829&rta=ge

Bilateral graphs shows increases on one side of a zero line and decreases on the other. These graphs are very usefull when data needs to be presented or analyzed using both positive and negative values. The best guess as to what this graph is analyzing is a type of diode being testing showing results in micro-volts. The labels on the x-axis are the labs which conducted the experiment. So this graph is a comparison of different labs and their results after the experiment. The different colors represent when the experiment was carried out using different uncertainties in the calculations and other standards.

Parallel Coordinate Plot

http://people.cas.sc.edu/hardistf/research.htm

Parallel coordinate plots is method of visually analyzing multivariate data. These plots use a 3-axis system to display data. Each variable to be analyized and displayed will correspond to one of the vertical parallel axis. Parallels are considered to be a measure of an nth dimension. One some ways these types of plots best represent data tables. The columns represent the parallels while the rows represent the location of where the line will intersect the parallel. This plot is comparing the percentage of population against several variables that includes race, gender, ethnicity, and other.

Nominal Area Choropleth

http://personal.uncc.edu/lagaro/cwg/color/color_symbol.html

Nominal Area Choropleths are maps where the data is qualitative (categorical) and not quantitative. The data is classified into groups such as gender, ethnicity or religion. Their is no ordering to the classes, meaning they are not ranked. The data collected to provide nominal results is arealy averaged and this can be misleading to the viewer. This map is showing the degree of progress made in each county of North Carolina with regard to architectural surveys.



Unstandardized Choropleth

http://personal.uncc.edu/lagaro/cwg/color/color_symbol.html

Unstandardized choropleth maps display data that is not ranked. Meaning, there is no class that is greater or less than the other. These maps do have classes that are defined by specific value but there is no ranking. This style of map can also include raw data that has not been areal averaged. The data is usually not compared to other figures or data such as percent population. This map depicts which counties in North Carolina have more complete architectural surveys. The colors relate to the average status (completeness) of the architectural survey.

Standardized Choropleth

http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/cdic-mcbc/30-1/ar_01-eng.php

A standardized choropleth map is a map in which the variables are standardized in one way or another to allow the comparison of data distributions across areas. The maps are standardized to relate the data usually to a specific area such as state, county or city. In these maps there is a specific "ranking" given to the different classes. Standardization includes normalizing the data according to these areas and analyzing it in a form such as percent area or per unit measurement. This map is displaying percent obesity standardized to an age group of persons within Canada. There are six classes that are paired with an obesity percentage range. Dark blue relates to a lower percent obesity while dark red shows a higher percent obesity.

Univariate Choropleth

http://people.cas.sc.edu/hardistf/research.htm

Univariate choropleth maps are maps that only display data about one variable. The variable is expressed with colors or symbols in which case the color can vary in shades due to an increase or decrease in its value. In this map the areal data is divided by county areas. Only hues of blue are used in this map but null values and overlapping can occur which "mixes" colors. I am not sure what this map is displaying but it is using shades of blue to depict percent population in relation to another property such as ethnicity, age, or gender. I believe dark areas and "white" areas are values of either 0% or 100%, respectively.

Bivariate Choropleth

http://www.personal.psu.edu/acr181/election.html

Bivariate choropleth maps are used to display and compare two sets of data and combines two different sets of graphic colors. These maps can portray two different sets of variables at the same time on the map. Its main purpose is to display the spatial distribution of the variables along with its geographical concentration. Overlapping of data can occur between the two variables. In this case their is an arbitrary legend that displays these colors. The map above is a comparison between the percent votes for Sen. John Kerry and the individual counties population in the 2000 elections.

Unclassed Choropleth Map

http://www.esds.ac.uk/international/support/user_guides/gisoverview.asp



Unclassed Choropleth maps portray areal data without the use of classes. Instead of using classes this style of map contains as many intervals as there are areal units. This type of choropleth map allows small changes in data to be displayed under its own color. It uses a color ramp or scale to measure the changes. With the amount of data sometimes being overwhelming, it is possible that this style of map is sometimes hard for the viewer to distinguish between areas containing different values. This map is showing the infant mortality rate, per 1000 live births, in Europe compared to Italy. Darker colors have a higher mortality rate than lighter colors in the "brown" section. Blue areas are countries that have a lower infant mortality rate than Italy.

Classed Choropleth Maps

http://www.alignstar.com/support/clients/webhelpv5/About_choropleth_maps.htm

Choropleth maps typically use data ranges and graduated color shading. Data is collected and spread out over a certain interval, coinciding with a specific color palette. This data is compiled and focuses on a single theme, such as population, with data summarized to a particular geographic level such as States, Counties or ZIP Codes. The above map is an analysis of a population density within a land area, notably counties. It clearly conveys its message through a monochromatic color scheme, where darker areas are more highly populated than lighter shades of green. This map is classed because a specific color or shade is assigned to a specific set of values.

Range Graded Proportional Circle Map

http://personal.frostburg.edu/krtopping0/maps.htm

Range graded proportional circle maps consists of data mapped with a circle instead of a dot. These maps are a type of point pattern analysis maps. The sizes of the circles relates to a measured variable, not the area over which it is measured. In this type of map, range graded, there is only a set number of circle sizes used. These sizes usually correlates to a specific amount of measured data. The map above uses range grading to show the number of people killed in road accidents in parts of Europe.

Continuously Variable Proportional Circle Map

http://www.quicktopic.com/blog/

(see post: a better election map-population centers)

Continuously variable proportional circle maps are point pattern maps where the point data is mapped with a circle and not a dot. The size of the circle relates to a measured variable, not the area over which it is measured. All circles that are not equal in measured data can vary in size, their is not a set number of circles sizes used. The map above uses this technique to measure and display data about population centers, or areas with a greater population density. 

Isopleth: Isotherm (temperature) Map

http://www.middleschoolscience.com/isotherms.htm

Isopleths are contour lines that depict a certain variable which cannot be measured at a specific point. They must be calculated from data that is collected over an area. Examples of these are Isobars (air pressure), Isotachs (thickness), and Isohyets (rainfall). They are displayed using contour lines where connecting points of the line have the same "amount" of measured data. Above is an example of an Isotherm (temperature) map of the US during a specific period. It also uses shading to differentiate between different areas of temperature change.

Isopach: Thickness of geological stratum

http://seeps.geol.ucsb.edu/pages/isopach.html

An isopach is an isoline that connects points of equal thickness of a geological stratum formation or group of formations. It can be used to display a measure of thickness to a variety of different objects or materials. Above, isopachs are used to display the relative thickness of sediment on the ocean floor near oil rigs. Both isolines and color shading are used to convey the thickness.

Isohyets: Rainfall

http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/AK0808/S00090.htm

Isohyets are lines on a map that connect points of an equal amount of rainfall in a given period. They can be studied to find places and or times when the rainfall is greatest, and can give a prediction of future flooding. The map above shows average rainfall during one month in a province of New Zealand. These types of maps are also called isohyetal maps.

Isotachs: Wind Speed

http://www4.ncsu.edu/~nwsfo/storage/cases/20040908/

Isotachs are contour lines drawn a map that distinguish areas of equal wind speeds. They are used to analyze wind speeds primarily in the upper atmosphere such as the jet stream. From this along with other types such as Isobars, future weather patterns can be predicted. The map above was information compiled about hurricane Frances as is passed over the eastern U.S. The red solid lines represent the isotachs.

Isobars: Air pressure

http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wxfacts/Isobars-on-surface-maps.htm

Isobars are contour lines on a map that shows equal or constant pressure relating to that line. They are lines drawn on a map joining places of equal atmospheric pressure. They can be used to predict future weather patterns and are widely used to do so. The map above uses isobar contour lines of different color (red and blue) to show both high and low pressure, respectively. 

LIDAR: Light Detectin and Ranging

http://coralreefs.wr.usgs.gov/mapping_lidar.html

LIDAR systems can be used in airborne devices to extract highly detailed images of a surface. This is an remote sensing technology that measures the distance to a target by illuminating it with laser light in pulses. It is basically a laser-range finding system used to create images. From the data collected a 3-D image can be created. In the image above, the SHOAL system created an image of a reef tract. Colors closer to blue indicate a greater depth within the water and red indicated a lesser depth. It can only be used in this fashion from the air when used in shallow depths. The image above is showing the different depths of a reef off the coast of Hawaii. It also shows where the reef begins creating a shelf and a "hole" in the reef.

Doppler Radar

http://kwilklab.wordpress.com/2011/04/15/polarimetric-doppler-radar-rocks-the-house/

Doppler radars are very important to meteorologists because it can accurately view the motion of a weather system. This can lead to future predictions of the weather system, such as if it might later form tornadoes. This specific type of radar works by beaming a microwave signal at an object, and by using the doppler effect, it can produce velocity data about the object from a distance. It is mainly used to produce atmospheric profiles of weather systems (clouds) such as its motion and composition. This system is a form of active radar where events can be viewed in real time. The above still image is from a polarimetric doppler radar which can  differentiate between horizontal and vertical components of an object. This image shows the intensity of a storm by use of color shading passing through southern Florida. The closer to red the color is the more intense the storm is.

Black and White Aerial Photography

http://www.jaha.org/edu/flood/rebuild/img/panoramas/index.html

Most all early aerial photographs were only taken in black and white. However, these types of photos are limited in their usefullness to analyze specific data about an environment because it can only depict shades of gray between black and white. Areas in the photograph with certain similar light wavelengths will appear muddled together. There are still uses in modern technology for black and white filters when using infrared imaging and other devices. These filters block out certain undesired wavelengths according to the required specifications. This photograph (1950) shows downtown Johnstown, Pennsylvania. It represents a series of photographs which show its rebuilding after a flood in 1889. You can see the artificial embankments used to protect the downtown area from future flooding of the river.

Infrared Aerial Photography

http://www.deltanationalpark.org/tag/tourism

Infrared aerial photography is a powerful tool that can be used to monitor and track a wide array of phenomena's.  It can be used to document changes in the environment as well as monitor toxic chemical spills and track its outflow. Both infrared film and infrared sensors are sensitive of a certain portion of the spectrum of light and the use of specialized filtration and films increases the amount of data that is able to be collected. Red tones are associated with live vegetation while tan or green shades show areas of dead vegetation. Various shades of green, blue or white can give hints to the composition of the ground area. Clear clean water will appear to be close to black in color. The above photograph is of Discovery Bay which is a neighborhood surrounded by channels of water. It shows what certain areas are comprised of by "reading" the colors produced by the infrared filters/film.

Statistical Map: Internet Growth Rates in Africa

http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/m.dodge/cybergeography/atlas/census.html

A statistical map is a special type of map where the change in a quantity of a phenomena such as rainfall or population in a geographic area is indicated. The data displayed within the map can vary. Some maps can express data using grey-tones, color shading or dot symbols with the boundaries of the areas being analyzed. In this case columns are used to display the data, emerging from the nation-state itself. In the map above, different nation-states of Africa have been analyzed in regards to the level of internet growth over a one year period.

DRG: Digital Raster Graphics

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/natureofgeoinfo/c6_p6.html

DRG's, Digital Raster Graphics, are scanned images of USGS topographic maps (standard series) which includes all map collar information. They are georeferenced to the surface of the Earth and are designed to fit to the Universal Transvers Mercator projection. The map above is a portion of a DRG of Bushkill, Pennsylvania and it includes contour lines that represent elevation change. It also shows the border of two counties and a river. These maps can be used to determine the accuracy of a vector file.

DLG: Digital Line Graph

http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-geodata-shapefiles/usgs-geospatial-data-geodata-geographic-download.htm

A DLG, Digital Line Graph, is digital vector data that represents cartographic information. This information can include but not limited to topography, hydrography, boundaries, roads, and utility lines.  The data about the maps features are stored as lines, points and areas with the data being digital vector data. These maps have the ability to contain a wide variety of information depicting geographic data. This can be seen in the map above. It show a range of different data represented as different colored lines within the map or area being analyzed. I am almost certain that the yellow lines represent boundaries but the meaning of the other lines is unknown.

DOQQ: Digital Orthographic Quater-Quads

http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/hudson/grg360g/EGIS/final_project/spring04_projects/web_justin_reynolds/Lake%20Travis.htm

DOQQ maps, Digital Orthographic Quarter-Quads, are aerial photographs that have the geometric qualities of a map. It is georeferenced and orthorectified, which means it defines its existence in physical space and the image has been geometrically corrected so that the scale is uniform throughout.
This is done because when taking photographs at high altitudes some distortions will naturally occur. The edges of the photo the top of the "object" is not aligned with its base because of the Earths curvature and objects at higher elevations are shown in more detail because they are closer to the imaging equipment. The map above is a  DOQQ of Lake Travis, Texas where a study is being conducted to review the changing of the floodplain. From the photographic map it is possible to overlay data onto the map to show floodplains which could aid in emergency management scenarios.

DEM: Digital Elevation Model

http://www.satimagingcorp.com/gallery/dem-sahara-tunisia-lg.html



DEM's, digital elevation models, are digital models or 3-D representations of a terrains surface. They are a digital file that consists of terrain elevations for ground positions that are calculated at regularly spaced intervals. They used a raster format and their features are tied into a coordinate system, a datum and a map projection. In raster format, the data is recorded, stored and processed in a cell or pixel. The image above is a 3-D sectional representation of the Sahara Desert in southern Tunisia. You can clearly see the elevation changes from the 3-D format and the use of contour lines. As the name implies this style is used to display the elevation of a terrain in digital format.

Stem and leaf plot

http://ellerbruch.nmu.edu/cs255/jnord/stemplot.html

Stem and leaf plots are another data analysis method that shows the frequency with which certain classes of values occur. It is a device used for presenting quantitative data in a format which is easy to read and analyze. It is very similar to a histogram and assists in visualizing the shape of a distribution of data. The example above is showing a series of 4th grade test scores. The values on the left of the vertical bar represent the "stem" while the values on the right represent the "leaf". Instead of having to list all the grades individually, the stem and leaf plot can show them grouped together. To read this type of plot you take one stem value and pair it with one corresponding number to its right. In the last column for exampled the grades are seen as: 96, 97, 98 and 99.

Population Profile

http://2010.census.gov/2010census/

Population profiles are charts that show the number of people as a function of their ages. They can also contain other variables such as gender, race and ethnicity. The above population profile is a profile of the persons within the District of Columbia. The vertical column represents ages and the horizontal row represents the population of a certain age. Also, the chart is comprised of two sides: male and female. This profile shows the number of males and females within the District of Columbia in relation to their ages in a bar graph.

Histogram

http://www.math.kent.edu/~honli/teaching/statistics/Chapter2/Excell_Histogram.html

Histograms are summary graphs that shows a count of data points that fall in various ranges. It displays a rough approximation of the frequency of distribution of the data. The frequencies are displayed as adjacent rectangles, built on specific intervals, in which the area corresponds to the frequency of the observations in the interval. The histogram above measures the frequency of a range of heights in a 25 student statistical representation. The frequency is the number of students that fell into a specific height class. This histogram is showing the frequency, number of occurrences, of certain ranges of heights between 25 students.

Box Plot

http://www.mathworks.com/help/toolbox/stats/boxplot.html

Box plots is a method of vonviently depicting groups of numerical data graphically and they are non-parametric. The tops of the boxes represent the 75th percentile or upper quartile and the bottom represents the 25th percentile or lower quartile. The data is divided into five summaries within the plots: smallest observation, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and largest observation. The horizontal line within the box represents the median value. In this box plot the mileages of car travel is displayed according to the corresponding country. 

Similarity Matrix

http://iv.slis.indiana.edu/sw/simvis.html

Similarity matrices measure the pairwise similarities of objects or data. Here, the larger the assigned value given to the measured data, the greater the similarity. Low values indicate a greater dissimilarity. This type of matrix is used in sequence alignment. Here, an example of how a similarity matrix would be displayed is given. The example is not actually measuring anything, it is just an example. However, if we were comparing the similarities between Microsoft Office 2007 and 2010 they would have a close similarity giving it a larger value. Whereas if we compared Macintosh word processors to that of Microsoft's they would have dissimilar values.

Correlation Matrix

http://www.rocketcap.com/investing-tools/portfolio-diversification-x-ray/

A correlation matrix is a graphical data analysis approach that shows the correlations between all pairs of data sets and is used when a variety of variables is being measured. Correlation matrices shows the computed or measured correlation between intersecting columns and rows. The above matrix shows asset returns from investments for a period of business days 

Star Plot

http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/starplot.htm

Star plots are a form of graphical data analysis which examins the behavior of all variables in a multivariate set. Each "star" displayed can represent a single measured observation. The spokes in star plots represents a unique variable in the data set.  Where the data points meet on the spoke determine to measured data's value. They use a specified subset of data to examine the behavior of variables. The above example compares different car brands and models with specified variables. These range from price to length. The spokes are numbered correlating to a specific data set, ie, "1" is the price and "9" is the length. The longer the intersection point on the spoke the more expensive the vehicle is when looking at spoke "1" and longer if the length of intersection on spoke "9" is greater. This star plot is comparing 7 different characteristics between various makes and models of automobiles.

Cartograms

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartogram

The above map is an example of a cartogram in which the normal standard of measurement for distance or area is replaced by another unit of measurement. They also show quantitative differences by changing the size of geographic norms according to the proportion of the geographic units property. There are two types of cartograms. One stretches and distorts its boundaries while the other type scales the boundaries of each unit according to its rank with others. The map above is an area cartogram of the U.S. where each state is scaled according to its population. The colors (shading) in the map measure the number or percent of democrats and republicans nationwide.



Flow Map: U.S. and China imports and exports

http://www.improving-visualisation.org/vis/id=206

The above map is an example of a flow map. These maps are designed to show the path of entities across a surface and it intensity. The paths in this map are highly idealized meaning it only shows the direction of interaction and not the actual path. This type of flow map is called a desire line map. These maps usually illustrate social or economic exchange using connection points of origin and destination. The above example shows the imports and exports from and to both the U.S. and China. This map also uses proportional circles to display data about a cities import value.









Isoline Map

http://sio.midco.net/dansmapstamps/isoline.htm

This is an example of a Isoline map which uses contour lines (isolines) to represent a third variable. It is a type of hypsometric map where the contours are imaginary lines that join equal point values. This is also a topographic (terrestrial elevation map)  which uses the contour lines to show the shape and elevation of the land. By reading the lines a map reader can determine locations of valleys, hills and cliffs to name a few. 

Proportional Circle Map

http://www.neiu.edu/~tpoconno/geography/377/377home.htm

This is an example of a proportional circle map which uses graduated point symbols. The symbols in this case are circles which uses circle size to portray magnitude. The points are positioned near the center of each area and the size of the point represents the magnitude of the data or phenomena being measured. Here is a map created by the U.S. Census Berueau in 1990 to show the number of homes built before 1940 in each state illustrated. 

Choropleth Map

http://my.ilstu.edu/~jrcarter/Geo204/Choro/Tom/

This is an example of a Choropleth map wich has been "classed".  These maps are a special type of thematic map which uses a graphic variable to show quantitative differences. Choropleth maps portray areal data which is then displayed as colors relating to "classes" of predetermined values. The colors can be differnt shades of the same, or completely different colors. This is data that is not based on a total value. However, it is standardized to some unit. The boundaries in this style of map are defined by units such as census tracts, counties, and states. This map shows percent of persons within a defined area, in this case county, who are Hispanic or Latino. The downside of this mapping type is that it can be misleading depending on what is being measured.

Dot Distribution Map: U.S. Population Density

http://www.census.gov/geo/www/mapGallery/2kpopden.html

This is an example of a dot density map prepared by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2000. These types of maps are used to show the quantity of data or property by placing a dot in a geographic unit for each type of specified data point or property. These are also known as point pattern maps that use nonproportional point symbols. The dots are set to a specific scale or number that does not vary. Here, one dot equals 7,500 people. It shows across the U.S. the areas with greater or lesser population by the concentration of dots within an area.

Propaganda Map: Cold War Mercator Projection

http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/mapping/6434

This map is a basic example of a propaganda map. These types of maps are used to shape opinion by manipulating the true phenomena. This is done by molding the maps' message by emphasizing supporting features while suppressing contradictory information. Basically, the message can be manipulated by the cartographer according to their own biases or need to convey a message. The above map is an example of how a Mercator projection map could have been used during the Cold War to show the perceived threat of communist nations of the Warsaw Pact. By using a Mercator projection, nations such as the USSR, can appear larger than they really are due to its high elevation. This would be an important tool to aid in propaganda as it makes the threat, at the time, appear larger than it really is. Also, the use of colors is important because the use of red to identify "enemies" promotes a sense of danger or menace.



Hypsometric Map: Las Bayas, Argentina (elevation)

http://www.personal.psu.edu/cab38/GEOG321/14_multivariate02/multivariate.html

Hypsometric maps are surface maps that show relief (Topography), and it is where three dimensional information is shown. This third dimension may represent relief or any other number of variables that describes a phenomena or process superimposed on the surface. This can be represented by color and shaping, contour lines, or raised relief. This map shows the elevation changes of Las Bayas, Argentina by use of both shaping and color. The lower areas are represented by green shades and then transfers to red shades at higher elevations.

Cadastral Maps: Land plots in Clifton, Virginia

http://www.cliftonva.us/OurTown/History/BrigadooninVA/tabid/106/ctl/Details/mid/468/ItemID/14/Default.aspx

Cadastral maps are used to show how land is divided into real property. These maps can show additional details such as survey district names, section or lot numbers and their respective areas, adjoining and adjacent street names, selected boundary dimensions and references to prior maps, unique identifying numbers for parcels, certificate of title numbers, and positions of existing structures. The map above shows the partitioning of land between land owners in Clifton, Virginia. Within the partitions the owners surname along with its acreage is displayed along with a "lot number".

Thematic Maps: Population Densities of Texas

http://txsdc.utsa.edu/maps/thematic/

Thematic maps are designed to display data in a variety of ways. These maps are used to display a particular specific theme within a specific geographic area. The data can be weather forecasts, election results, poverty, soil types, and the spread of a virus. The map above is a dot density map showing concentrated areas of density throughout Texas. The dots are a nonproportional point symbols where one dot equals one-hundred persons. This map shows an accurate depiction of population density since the data is not areal averaged and then displayed.

Topographic map of Hawaii: Elevation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hawaii_Island_topographic_map-fr.svg

Topographic maps typically show the phsyical characteristics of land in an area and the built changes in the landscape. These types of maps are usualy characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief. This is acomplished from the use of contour lines in modern mapping as well as shading techniques seen in the map above. This map shows a topographic view of Hawaii's "Big Island". The map shows a depiction of the natural terrain and the elvation changes. It does so by providing a color scale of elevations which corelate to the changes of the islands elevation. This map is also showing the properties of a hypsometric map, where three dimensional information is communicated. In this case the third dimension is represented by both reliefs and color shading to show elevation. Their is also a scale to estimate distance and a legend to denote marking on the map itself.